Arxo Findings Register · Arxo Law

ARXO-2026-0446 · Reported

Rome II, Dutch and Romanian versions: does Article 23 define habitual residence in the same way as the other versions?

In the second subparagraph of Article 23(1) the Dutch text names a subsidiary, a branch or another establishment where the other versions name a branch, an agency or any other establishment. In Article 23(2) the Romanian text replaces a natural person acting in the course of his or her business activity with activity during working hours.

Consequence

A company's subsidiary can count as its place of habitual residence under the Dutch text, and the Romanian test turns on time rather than on the nature of the activity.

Proposed correction

The lawyer-linguists could say whether the wording should be aligned with the other versions: align Dutch Article 23(1) and Romanian Article 23(2) with the other versions.

Jurisdiction
European Union — European Union
Act
Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II)
Place
Article 23, Dutch and Romanian versions
Record
Question of reading or data
Class
Question of reading or data
Where it arose
A language version
Arxo's conclusion
Confirmed
Official text
Unchanged at last check
Last checked
2026-10-31

Evidence

Pair of quotations. Quotations are verbatim from the official material; translations are ours and marked.

dochteronderneming

Our translation (English): subsidiary

Language version · Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II), Official Journal, Dutch version · Article 23(1), second subparagraph (Dutch) · published · retrieved 2026-10-31 · SHA-256 eda9ded115b3a5a8fb2075f6b6a0c0e49600594989dbd3b7e673c9e185e53f9e · copy
pentru activitatea sa în timpul programului de lucru

Our translation (English): for his activity during working hours

Language version · Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II), Official Journal, Romanian version · Article 23(2) (Romanian) · published · retrieved 2026-10-31 · SHA-256 99a5f4a403bbabf18a0d4302cb67c2ecda75cb0ec22eece3306d080926d836fd · copy
acting in the course of his or her business activity
Normative text · Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II), Official Journal, English version · Article 23(2) (English) · published · retrieved 2026-10-31 · SHA-256 488bfcf5bcbcb4e1401205419942109bee4b77d03cd1b5dc2b18399e2ea6dde0 · copy

How to check it without Arxo's tools

  1. Open Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II), Official Journal, Dutch version and find Article 23(1), second subparagraph (Dutch). Compare the text with the quotation above. A copy is kept in this register: eda9ded115b3a5a8-nld.xhtml (SHA-256 eda9ded115b3a5a8fb2075f6b6a0c0e49600594989dbd3b7e673c9e185e53f9e, copy of the official file).
  2. Open Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II), Official Journal, Romanian version and find Article 23(2) (Romanian). Compare the text with the quotation above. A copy is kept in this register: 99a5f4a403bbabf1-ron.xhtml (SHA-256 99a5f4a403bbabf18a0d4302cb67c2ecda75cb0ec22eece3306d080926d836fd, copy of the official file).
  3. Open Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 (Rome II), Official Journal, English version and find Article 23(2) (English). Compare the text with the quotation above. A copy is kept in this register: 488bfcf5bcbcb4e1-eng.xhtml (SHA-256 488bfcf5bcbcb4e1401205419942109bee4b77d03cd1b5dc2b18399e2ea6dde0, copy of the official file).
  4. The finding holds if the quoted passages read as shown and the comparison gives the result stated at the top of this page. If it does not, write to us with the record ID.

How this finding was made

AI models helped read and compare the texts and review the draft letters.

Responsible institutions

Reported to

DateInstitutionChannelReference
2026-10-31Council of the European Union, General Secretariat, Directorate for Quality of Legislatione-mailMessage-ID: <CAH-SH70ZbQP3i+XHyoG_2YvrdzeuSRWyOqzu9hnEYRN0Wq-YyA@mail.gmail.com>
2026-10-31European Parliament, Directorate for Legislative Actse-mailMessage-ID: <CAH-SH73wRJpLRgo=g--ww+78cgCogZyxROz8dJX0vAD8VFp6ug@mail.gmail.com>

Responses

No response recorded.

History

  1. 2026-10-31Confirmed by Arxo
  2. 2026-10-31Entered in the register
  3. 2026-10-31Reported to Council of the European Union, General Secretariat, Directorate for Quality of Legislation (e-mail)
  4. 2026-10-31Reported to European Parliament, Directorate for Legislative Acts (e-mail)

nl

Rome II, Nederlandse en Roemeense versie: omschrijft artikel 23 de gewone verblijfplaats op dezelfde wijze als de andere versies?

In de tweede alinea van artikel 23, lid 1, noemt de Nederlandse tekst een „dochteronderneming”, een bijkantoor of een andere vestiging, waar de andere versies een bijkantoor, een agentschap of een andere vestiging noemen. In artikel 23, lid 2, vervangt de Roemeense tekst de omschrijving van een natuurlijk persoon bij de uitoefening van zijn of haar beroep door een verwijzing naar activiteit tijdens de werkuren.

Consequence

Volgens de Nederlandse tekst kan een dochteronderneming van een vennootschap als de gewone verblijfplaats van die vennootschap gelden, en volgens de Roemeense tekst hangt het criterium af van het tijdstip in plaats van de aard van de activiteit.

Proposed correction

De juristen-linguïsten zouden kunnen aangeven of de formulering in overeenstemming moet worden gebracht met de andere taalversies: artikel 23, lid 1, van de Nederlandse versie en artikel 23, lid 2, van de Roemeense versie in overeenstemming brengen met de andere versies.

ro

Roma II, versiunile neerlandeză și română: definește articolul 23 reședința obișnuită în același mod ca celelalte versiuni?

La articolul 23 alineatul (1) al doilea paragraf, textul neerlandez menționează o filială („dochteronderneming”), o sucursală sau o altă unitate, acolo unde celelalte versiuni menționează o sucursală, o agenție sau orice altă unitate. La articolul 23 alineatul (2), textul român înlocuiește persoana fizică ce acționează în cursul desfășurării activității sale profesionale cu activitatea în timpul programului de lucru („pentru activitatea sa în timpul programului de lucru”).

Consequence

Potrivit textului neerlandez, filiala unei societăți poate fi considerată locul reședinței obișnuite a acelei societăți, iar criteriul din textul român depinde de timp, nu de natura activității.

Proposed correction

Juriștii-lingviști ar putea preciza dacă formularea ar trebui aliniată cu celelalte versiuni lingvistice: alinierea articolului 23 alineatul (1) din versiunea neerlandeză și a articolului 23 alineatul (2) din versiunea română cu celelalte versiuni.

Cite this record

Arxo Law, Arxo Findings Register, ARXO-2026-0446, https://arxo.io/findings/ARXO-2026-0446/ (status as of 2026-10-31). Data: ARXO-2026-0446.json.